knowledge is defined as the ability to acquire and apply knowledge. Psychologists shake up exploited this concept in many ways to accent and determine whether non-human animals are capable of intelligence. From social learning it is analytical to assume that, since non-human animals are able to both acquire and employ handst new conducts, they must be intelligent in some(a) way.
Woodruff and Premack (1979) observed chimps and found that they have the ability to designedly deceive their keepers. Having seen their victuals hidden in one of deuce containers, the chimpanzee indicated to the keeper which container she wanted. One keeper would give her the food in the container, whereas the second keeper would give her the other container. The chimpanzee would single out between these two keepers and modified her request to continuously get the food. Therefore, suggesting a level of intelligence. Further research by Povinelli et al also demonstrated that a chimpanzee could discriminate between the knowledge of two trainers.
Woodruff and Premack research has exercise two conditions (cooperative trainer condition and competitive trainer condition) that exponent be compared, and the chimps were unable to touch the containers themselves and hence had to guide the men to them. Also four chimps were used rather than reporting the behaviour of just one.
However both of these results could have come well-nigh through operant conditioning as many trails were unavoidable before the chimpanzees were consistent in their responses. Therefore, it may be collect to learning rather than intelligence (Heyes, 1998)
Another example which shows intelligence evident in non-human animals is Machiavellian intelligence. Machiavellian intelligence is a form of social intelligence that occurs within large groups and involves the use of deception and the formation of coalitions in order to gain an advantage. accord to Maestripieri (2007) in terms of...If you want to get a skilful essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com
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